In grain storage pest control, there are currently two mainstream approaches: chemical fumigation, or nitrogen controlled atmosphere.
Phosphine fumigation has been the standard method for decades—release the chemical, seal the warehouse, and the pests are gone. Nitrogen controlled atmosphere is a newer technology that has emerged over the past decade or so—replace the oxygen in the grain silo with nitrogen, and the pests die from oxygen deprivation. On the surface, both seem to be about "killing pests," but if you dig one level deeper—from the perspectives of safety, environmental impact, and long-term cost—they are on completely different paths.
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